Techniques of Conflict Resolution Observed in the Semai...

Conflict is â€Å"the incompatible needs, differing demands, contradictory wishes, opposing beliefs or diverging interests which produce interpersonal antagonism and, at times, hostile encounters† (Bonta 1996: 405). Conflict resolution can be defined as the ability of individuals or groups of people to settle or avoid disputes through strategies that stop violence and bring people together in one peace (Bonta 1996: 406). A society in which interpersonal harmony is of a relatively high degree, with little or no physical violence occurring among both adults and children and strategies that work towards resolving conflicts and against violence (Bonta 1996: 405) is said to be a peaceful society. This paper will be working towards giving the reader†¦show more content†¦The kinship of the Semai is traced bilaterally (Robarchek, 1992: 192). This simply means that the assigning of kinship groups is done through both male and female lineages (Robarchek 1992: 194-195). Common marriages within bands, ambilocal residence and politically autonomous bands (Robarchek 1992: 193) are highly characteristic of the Semai society. On the hand, in the forested hills of western Tamil Nadu state in the southern part of India and in villages in he nearby plains resides the Paliyans. Based on the census conducted in India in 1981, the Paliyan society approximately consists of 7,000 people (Peaceful Societies n.d). Gathering of food and other products in the forest and the wage labour for plantations and farms in the nearby valleys (Peaceful Societies n.d) are the major sources of survival for the people of the Paliyan society. The population of the Paliyans also consists of nomadic forest dwellers of whom their economy partly depends on the exchange of forest produce like honey for other goods like tools and clothing without the use of money (Peaceful Societies n.d). The Paliyan society is very atomistic and anarchistic with decisions being made by each individual. Through their code of nonviolence, their desire for autonomy is emphasized (Peaceful Societies n.d). The Paliyans are able to maintain peace with their key value in respect. In which case, everyone regardless of maturity, relative seniority, gender and degree

The Decline Of The Mayan Civilization - 1143 Words

The early Mayan civilization had lowly beginnings. They rose to remarkable heights in a seemingly inhospitable land. As Maya scholar Arthur Demarest said â€Å"Such a civilization, had no business there.† The Mayans had to battle with torrential rain in the rainy season, and when the weather turned hot, it scorched the land and their water supplies would plummet. They were always faced with floods or drought. They were probably forced here due to overcrowding from other tribes. But nonetheless they began to conquer these threats as they learned advanced farming techniques to make the shallow earth fertile. They burned and cleared jungle to make room for their agriculture, particularly maize. They then began the process of crop rotation, long before anyone else. As the Mayan civilization began its steady uprising they began to redouble their efforts, they started composting, cultivating, they built irrigation systems and began to terrace the landscape to make farming more effi cient and prevent erosion. They dammed rivers and flooded swamplands and marshes to create rich farmland. They instituted transport systems to move fertile silt and mud from lowlands to higher enclosed gardens and farms and created man made lakes and ponds that they used to fish and systems of corrals held wild game. They maximized their talents and squeezed out enough nourishment to support their population which had risen to several million people. It took time but the Mayans began to thrive in theShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Mayan Civilization1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe rise of civilizations significantly increased as the world made its shift from the Paleolithic Era to the Neolithic Era and onward. 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Due to their disappearance the great Mayan inventions were lost in time until modern day anthropologists discovered that they made their own calendar and language along with many other things. What anthropologists do know for sure is that the Mayans were an ancient Mesoamerican civilization dating back to 250 B.C â€Å"madeRead MoreThe Ancient Civilization1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe intrigue of The Mayans has always existed through the telling of their ritualistic practices or their calendar, but the fall of such an advanced civilization is perhaps the most intriguing story of all.To understand what causes great civilizations, it is vital to note the process of collapse in other civilizations, such as the great Roman Empire. 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Steve Jobs Personality And Attitudes Drove His Success

â€Å"Management in Action case study Steve Jobs Personality Attitudes Drove His Success.† Question 1 Based on the dimension of Big Five personality the first analysis regarding Jobs would be extroversion. According to the textbook, being extorted is having the ability to predict job performance with a firm conviction rather than just being agreeable. Extroversion can be seen regarding making a firm decision, being able to relate to others, being talkative and active in the job environment. Employment, in this case, pushed people to the impossible. Some people did not understand that Jobs interpretation of the Reality Distortion Field was a form of euphemism for both bullying and telling lies. He also added that it led to extraordinary performance. He justifies his honesty by saying I don t think I run roughshod over people, but if something sucks, I tell people to their face. (Mancuso, 2014). I think the extroversion quality best suited his actions. Conscientiousness is described as having a dependable personality full of responsibility and achievements. According to the book those individuals who exhibit traits associated with a strong sense of purpose, obligation, and persistence perform better than those who do not (Scouller, 2011). Jobs showed the quality when he confounded Apple in the garage belonging to his parents and saved it from bankruptcy and built it into the most valuable company over a short period. 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Expansion of Terminal in Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Shamsha

Question: Write essay about the project in a project manager's perspective including the project life cycle issues while carrying out the project. Answer: Background of the Project Study The Rajiv Gandhi International Airport was constructed on the Greenfield site at Shamshabad, which is about 22 km south of the present airport at Hyderabad. The airport can handle a capacity of 7 million passengers as well as around one lakh cargo annually. Due to growing potential and with the availability of the low cost air travel, the management of the airport conceives an expansion project that includes the expansion of the terminal. The new terminal can consist of 12 million passengers annually. The terminal of the airport is necessary for transportation facility that requires modernization in order to provide levels of services that are expected by the travelers. In order to construct the airport terminal, the project manager as well as other team members faces various project life cycle issues. The objectives of the project study are to construct a new international terminal building for Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Shamshabad, India. It also provides additional capacity for the international flights in order to give a growth opportunity for the air carriers. The main purpose of the expansion project plan is to identify the project life cycle issues in the project plan. Organizational Influences and project life cycle issues The expansion project plan of the airport terminal consists of certain phases of development and this development phrases are called project life cycle phrases. This phrase has a start as well as end points that are associated with the timescale of the project plan. The project life cycle issues that cause failure into the project work are the over-estimation revenue as well as growth potential due to skewed incentives among the originators of the project (Fewings 2013). The Project sponsors as well as developers are failed to plan the delivery time and estimated budget for the project plan (Bonnal 2012). There is a lack of financial resources and lack of ability of the stakeholders to manage the risks is not able to monitor the development of the airport terminal. The project life cycle issues that are reviewed are categorized. Firstly, it is security issues. Airport security issues for the purpose of construction as well as operational phases for the airport terminal will under the control of the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (Kazda and Caves 2015). It is extensions of the current security management that are carried out under the governmental departments. Secondly, there is a risk of dangerous materials. At the time of construction of the airport terminal, there is a risk of handling the dangerous materials such as sand extraction. This risk is addressed within the Environmental Management Framework. Thirdly, there is an issue of dangerous management of resources (Zerjav et al. 2015). During the construction as well as operational stages, there is required an assessment of fire risks and measures to treatment the hazardous material spills. At the stage where the new terminal is constructed, there should not be any on-site fueling storage. Even the fuel handling as well as emergency procedures should be placed within the Airport (Wang et al. 2015). Management systems to handle the dangerous goods as well as hazardous substances should be required at that place. It consists of Hyderabad Government requirements includes Dangerous Goods Safety Management Act 2001. Airport Emergency Procedures should be modified with relation with the disa ster control organizations includes both command as well as control. Cooperation with the civil authorities as well as State Emergency Services is part of the procedures (Brockmann 2012). Second access roads to the airport terminal areas are planned. It gives an alternative route for the emergency services. Fourthly, it faces the structural challenges. The team faces a big challenge was to construct the floor work in the terminal of the Airport. The construction of the floor additional an extra 21 weeks to job on the project. The floor of this terminal is build from various materials to the rest of the flooring within the terminals. The floor is an uneven concrete surface that adds a significant amount of time towards the refurbishment (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2014). Fifthly, it is technological challenges. The information technology provides challenge while delivering of the project as the teams are replacing the existing systems with a new terminal building. It is a big challenge, as it is not including standard office network systems within their expansion plan. They have lack of flight information display screens, closed circuit television as well as regulatory systems for to process the passengers. Finally, the expansion plan faces the environmental challenges (Zhang, Cai and F an 2014). The expansion project will complete while installing of the sustainable as well as energy savings that are required for the refurbishment projects. It is a construction plan of building new terminal for the airport, installation of the sustainable features to save the water. Project Scope Management The scope of this project plan is to deal with various projects life cycle issues within the expansion plan of the airport terminal (Graham 2013). The scope of this terminal expansion plan is to reduce the congestion of the passengers in the areas such as baggage areas, departure security screening point as well as check-in-area. It also modernizes the mechanical as well as electrical systems based on the funding it acquires. Even the expansion plan consists of the features of modern energy savings that include with life-cycle costs are analyzed (Wang et al. 2015). Within the Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, the project manager also makes an opportunity to include a two-story addition to the east of the terminal within the vicinity of the rental car parking lot. The environmental due-diligence study is carried out for the project based on the site visit observations as well as understanding of the project scope based on its information as well as documents provided by the airport authorities. The tourism requires an underserved without sufficient areas in order to handle the baggage as well as provide with a safe zones for loading (Wu and Lee 2014). Due to peak loads, it causes greater frustration as well as results into lower level of satisfaction to the passengers as well as visitors. In order to access the terminals, the staging of the baggage for the groups are awaken, addresses in increasing safety as well as congested (Peng, Shen and Liu 2012). Weather protection are also needs to be improved. Due to lack of the designated parking areas, the deliveries as well as terminal services are problematic. The interior layout of the building results into patchwork of the accommodation, rather than the logical use of the space based on both functioning as well as requirements. Project Time Management The project team members resolve the challenges as well as issues during the expansion of the terminal. There is a tight time schedule in order to deliver the project that is carried out with the addition scope (Isaac and Navon 2013). The delay into the project work is due to addition of extra resources as well as delay from the side of the contractors and suppliers. The key to manage the expansion project plan is to strictly manage the individual contractors in order to ensure that the project should be delivered on time (Chinyio 2013). The schedule risk has to be managed to ensure that the project plan should complete within the given time as well as budget. Based on the issues, the time of the project should be managed. Task Name Duration Start Finish Expansion of terminal in Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Shamshabad, India 60 days Fri 5/27/16 Thu 8/18/16 Initiation of the project plan 14 days Fri 5/27/16 Wed 6/15/16 Developing the plan to expand the airport terminal 2 days Fri 5/27/16 Mon 5/30/16 Undertaking a feasibility study 4 days Tue 5/31/16 Fri 6/3/16 establishing a project charter 2 days Mon 6/6/16 Tue 6/7/16 Appointing the project team 4 days Wed 6/8/16 Mon 6/13/16 Performing the phase review 2 days Tue 6/14/16 Wed 6/15/16 Planning of the expansion of airport terminal 20 days Thu 6/16/16 Wed 7/13/16 Creating a resource plan 3 days Thu 6/16/16 Mon 6/20/16 Financial plan 3 days Tue 6/21/16 Thu 6/23/16 Risk plan 2 days Fri 6/24/16 Mon 6/27/16 Communication plan 3 days Tue 6/28/16 Thu 6/30/16 Stakeholder analysis 2 days Fri 7/1/16 Mon 7/4/16 Contracting with the suppliers 3 days Tue 7/5/16 Thu 7/7/16 Completion of planning phase 4 days Fri 7/8/16 Wed 7/13/16 Execution phase 21 days Thu 7/14/16 Thu 8/11/16 Building the deliverables 3 days Thu 7/14/16 Mon 7/18/16 Performing risk management 4 days Tue 7/19/16 Fri 7/22/16 Communication management 2 days Mon 7/25/16 Tue 7/26/16 Stakeholder management 5 days Wed 7/27/16 Tue 8/2/16 Cost management 3 days Wed 8/3/16 Fri 8/5/16 Time management 4 days Mon 8/8/16 Thu 8/11/16 Closure phase 5 days Fri 8/12/16 Thu 8/18/16 Performing project closure 3 days Fri 8/12/16 Tue 8/16/16 Review the project completion 2 days Wed 8/17/16 Thu 8/18/16 Project Cost Management Increase into the cost of operations as well as maintenance is one of the project cost management challenges. The cost of the operating of the terminal is expected to rise due to addition of extra resources. The maintenance cost excludes when both the mechanical as well as electrical systems are outdated as well as it does not have the capability to meet with the indoor quality standards (Peng, Shen and Liu 2012). The total cost estimated to construct the new terminal is approximately $200,000. As the maintenance of the electrical as well as mechanical systems is costly, therefore it increases the maintenance cost of the equipments as well as systems. It does not have contemporary features of the energy savings (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2014). The infrastructures of the terminal, ventilation, electrical systems, plumbing as well as heat are not flexible, such that the solutions are brought regulatory compliance to the architecture of the terminal. Expansion of the terminals give e xpanded services to the passengers as well as visitors. Even the improved indoor air quality, modern power as well as low voltage communication gives safer work environment (Hallgren 2012). Modernization of the system offers an opportunity for the terminal to consider energy conservations measures that allows reducing the operational cost while improving the services. Project Stakeholder Management The project team members resolve number of issues as well as challenges during the expansion of the airport terminal in Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Shamshabad, India. It is a complex project for the team as their first priority is safety of the passengers. There is also a tight schedule to deliver the project on time by adding of extra scope (Gupta, Venkaiah and Ammani 2016). Within a project, lot of third parties workers are working that could severe the scheduling of the project plan. If one of the workers is delay in leveling the floor for the terminal, then there is a delay in installing the furniture and other activities that cause a large effect throughout the expansion project plan. The following stakeholders management plan helps to manage the issues within the project plan of the expansion of the airport terminal. Role on the project Deals with the issues Level of Interest Level of Influence Recommendations Project Manager The project manager deals with the schedule and cost issues within the project plan (Hughes 2012). Very high Very high The project manager should schedule the project plan before starting of the expansion project. Financial Manager The financial manager deals with the budget issues. Sometimes, the estimated budget becomes over-budgeted. Very high Very high The financial manager should estimate the budget with addition of extra resources so that no resources are added after the project plan (Lee and Yu 2012). Project Sponsor Project sponsor deals with the funding issues. The person collects fund for the project (Wu and Lee 2014). High High The sponsor collects the funds from other stakeholders. Procurement Manager The suppliers are not giving the proper resources within time. The resources are not of good quality (Heagney 2012). High High The procurement manager should lead the suppliers to give the resources at proper time with best quality (Richman 2012). Contractors The contractors are delaying into the plan. Low Moderate Proper schedule is prepared for each of the expansion activities (Kazda and Caves 2015). Project Communication Management Communication is one of the big challenges within the project as there are high level of stakeholders are involved within the plan. It requires updating the time as well as identification of risks, changing to the schedule as well as budget. This project is an ever changing. The project manager considers the challenges until the end of the project as well as ensures that the stakeholders as well as the team members are up-to-date with the issues (Richman 2012). In order to ensure for effective communication as well as overcome with the challenges, the project manager integrates the communication plan at the scheduling stage of the project life cycle. The project manager influences as well as tailors the communication approach. Using the Power/Interest grid, the stakeholders are grouping based on the level of the authority (Liu 2014). The project manager assesses the key stakeholders associated with the team to respond as well as influence their support as well as mitigate the potenti al negative impacts. The poor communication is the reason for the failure of the project plan of the airport terminal expansion (Hihara 2014). Even proper communication help to increase morale by establishment of the expectations. The project manager keeps communication as well as feedback among the upper management as well as the team leaders. Effective verbal as well as correct use of the words is the skills that a project manager requires to build up the project plan. Words are tools that are required to convey in an efficient way. Project managers should use short words to convey their messages to other stakeholders. In order to make a better communication plan, weekly meetings are required to be conducted to discuss about the progress of the project plan (Tao 2014). In the weekly meetings, if any of the risks are identified then it is mitigated using risk management plan. Therefore, communication among all the stakeholders is required using proper mode of communication as well as frequency of the communication. Project Risk Management Risk Issues Description Risk Level Probability Mitigation measures Actions Security Issues The private information of the construction information is not secured within the Airport authorization. Low High Existing security as well as related control systems (Voordijk 2013). Review as well as update of the Airport Security Plans for terminal operations. Dangerous goods and resources There is no assessment of the fire risks at the construction site. The emergency procedures are not placed properly. High High Existing management systems to manage the storage of the dangerous goods as well as hazardous resources. Review as well as update the management system to store the goods and resources. Hazards posed to infrastructure There are no such air traffic environment within as well as outside of the Airport infrastructure. High High There is a highly regulated air traffic environment in as well as outside of the Airport (Xie 2014). Review as well as update of the emergency plans for terminal operations. Operational and construction hazards The Airport authorities are not following a proper management plan for their construction phase (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2014). Low Moderate Proper management plan is required for the construction phase. There should also require risk management principles for modern construction of the Airport Terminal. In the construction phase, there is a required an Environment Management Framework. Review as well as update the terminal construction phase consists of traffic access issues. Lack of aircraft inspection and maintenance of the protocols At the time of constructing the terminal of the airport, the resources as well as goods used are not inspected properly (Zhang, Cai and Fan 2014). Low Low There should require a highly regulated aircraft inspection as well as maintenance protocols for the operations of Regular Passenger Transport. Document of the inspection and maintenance record. Contractor selection and commercial terms with the contractors Under sourced contractors are selected for the expansion plan of the terminal. There is also lack of contractor incentives in order to drive efficiency gains. Low Low Proper contractors are selected for the expansion plan of the terminal with accurate skills as well as knowledge. Review as well as update of the Airport Security Plans for terminal operations. Supplier Management There is a lack of communication as well as interaction with the suppliers (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2014). Moderate Moderate Proper communication plan is required. Weekly meetings should be scheduled with the stakeholders. Review as well as update of the communication plan. Change as well as delay management Improper incentives of the contractors assume to delay in the expansion process. Low Moderate Before scheduling the plan, proper change management plan should be prepared. Review and update the change management plan. Conclusion It is concluded that the expansion project of the terminal of Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Shamshabad, India needs an additional capital improvements in the future. Due to addition of funds, there is an improvement in the areas of the terminals. The goal of the airport is to provide with efficient terminal facilities for the passengers as well as visitors so that they can respond to healthy economic community as well as regional needs. While construction of the terminal, the project manager as well as other team members face issues and challenges such as structural, technological as well as equipments risks. There are also issues of security, dangerous goods as well as resources, hazardous posed to infrastructure, supplier and change management as well as lack of maintenance and operational cost. Therefore, in order to overcome with those issues, various management plans are conducted. The plans are time, cost, stakeholder, risk as well as communication. It helps the airport authorities to finish the terminal expansion work in time as well as estimated budget. All the project planning process is required to mitigate the risks so that the project plan finishes properly as well as successfully. References Bonnal, P., 2012. Project Management.Construction Management and Economics, 30(3), pp.248-250. Brockmann, C., 2012. Construction Project Scheduling and Control (CourseSmart), 2nd edn.Construction Management and Economics, 30(11), pp.1012-1013. Chinyio, E., 2013. Project Management: Systems, Principles, and Applications.Construction Management and Economics, 31(9), pp.1020-1021. Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J., 2014.The AMA Handbook of Project Management. New York: AMACOM. Fewings, P., 2013.Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Graham, A., 2013.Managing Airports 4th Edition: An International Perspective. Routledge. 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Xie, X., 2014. Explore the Airport Terminal Construction Survey.AMR, 1065-1069, pp.2309-2312. Zerjav, V., Davies, A., Edkins, A. and Jones, P., 2015. Building Progressive Confidence: the Transition from Project to Operational Opening in the Case of a Major New International Airport Terminal. Zhang, Y., Cai, L. and Fan, M., 2014. Schedule Management of Airport Flying Area Construction Based on BIM.AMM, 584-586, pp.2653-2658.